solubility of solid 1

 Here is a Class 12 CBSE-focused, exam-friendly explanation of:

🧪 Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid

📖 Definition:

The solubility of a solid in a liquid is the maximum amount of the solid (solute) that can dissolve in a given amount of liquid (solvent) at a specified temperature, to form a saturated solution.

🔁 Dynamic Equilibrium in Saturated Solution:

When a solid is added to a liquid:

  • Some solute particles dissolve into the solvent → called dissolution

  • Some dissolved particles rejoin the solid → called crystallisation

After some time, both processes occur at the same rate:
Dissolution = Crystallisation
✅ This is called dynamic equilibrium.

At this point, no more solute can dissolve. The solution is saturated, and the concentration of solute at this stage is called its solubility.

🔎 Factors Affecting Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid:

1. Nature of Solute and Solvent

  • Rule: Like dissolves like

    • Polar solute + polar solvent → dissolves well (e.g. NaCl in water)

    • Non-polar solute + non-polar solvent → dissolves well (e.g. naphthalene in benzene)

    • Polar + non-polar → ❌ does not dissolve

2. Temperature

  • Solubility usually increases with temperature

  • Explained by Le Chatelier’s Principle

If dissolution is… Heat change (ΔH) Effect of ↑ Temp
Endothermic ΔH > 0 Solubility ↑
Exothermic ΔH < 0 Solubility ↓

3. Pressure

  • ❌ Pressure has no significant effect on the solubility of solids in liquids

  • Solids and liquids are incompressible

📌 Examples:

Solid Solute Liquid Solvent Solubility
Sugar Water High
NaCl Water Moderate
Naphthalene Water Very Low
Naphthalene Benzene High

📝 Important Points for CBSE Exams:

  • Always define saturated solution, dynamic equilibrium, and factors affecting solubility.

  • Use terms like dissolution, crystallisation, and Le Chatelier’s principle.

  • Give examples to support explanations.

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