solubility of solid 2

 Here's a simplified, CBSE Class 12 exam-oriented version of the provided paragraph, ideal for teaching in class, presentation slides, or student handouts.

🧪 Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid – Class 12 Chemistry

📌 1. Does Every Solid Dissolve in Every Liquid?

No!

  • Sodium chloride and sugar dissolve in water (polar solvent)

  • Naphthalene and anthracene do not dissolve in water

  • But naphthalene and anthracene dissolve in benzene (non-polar solvent)

💡 Key Rule: "Like Dissolves Like"

  • Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents

  • Non-polar solutes dissolve in non-polar solvents

  • ✅ Solubility depends on similarity of intermolecular forces

🔁 Dissolution and Crystallisation

When a solid solute is added to a liquid:

  • Dissolution: Solute particles dissolve → concentration increases

  • Crystallisation: Some dissolved particles return to solid state

⚖️ Eventually:

Rate of dissolution = Rate of crystallisation
→ This is Dynamic Equilibrium

🧪 Equation:
Solute + Solvent ⇌ Solution

✅ Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions

Type of Solution Meaning
Saturated No more solute can dissolve at given T & P
Unsaturated More solute can still be dissolved

📌 At saturation, the amount of solute dissolved is called its solubility.

🔥 Effect of Temperature on Solubility

  • Dissolution is an equilibrium process and follows Le Chatelier’s Principle.

If Dissolution is… Heat Change Solubility Effect
Endothermic (ΔH > 0) Absorbs heat Solubility ↑ with ↑ Temp
Exothermic (ΔH < 0) Releases heat Solubility ↓ with ↑ Temp

📌 Most solids show increased solubility with temperature.

🧯 Effect of Pressure on Solubility

  • ❌ Pressure has almost no effect on solubility of solids in liquids

  • ✅ Reason: Solids and liquids are incompressible

✍️ Exam Pointers (CBSE Focus):

  • Learn the “like dissolves like” rule

  • Use terms: dynamic equilibrium, saturation, solubility

  • Explain temperature effect with Le Chatelier’s Principle

  • Clearly write that pressure has no significant effect

Would you like this as:

  • ✅ A clean PowerPoint slide deck

  • ✅ A printable PDF handout

  • ✅ Or a chalkboard-style summary image for smart class?

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